ASPECTOS AGRONÔMICOS E FISIOLÓGICOS DE VIDEIRAS EM SISTEMA DE PRODUÇÃO ORGÂNICO E BIODINÂMICO

Abstract

The method of biodynamic cultivation consists of seeing the property as an agricultural organism; its main goal is the fertilization of the soils in a lasting way, along with a rich diversity and biological activity. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the development and productivity of grapevines comparing organic and biodynamic production systems. The experiments were conducted in Guarapuava PR, under greenhouse conditions, from September 2014 to March 2016, under field conditions from September 2013 to June 2017, and in Tebano RA (Italy) in the year 2013 with analyzes in 2017. For the experiment in a greenhouse were evaluated the effects of treatment with the preparation biodynamic 501 (Horn silica) and chitosan (Fish fértil®) on vegetative growth, physiology and severity of downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) on grapevine cv. BRS Margot. The severity of mildew, gas exchange, SPAD index, length and diameter of the branches and diameter of the trunk were evaluated for two years. In the field experiment the influence of the biodynamic system on soil, growth, physiology and production of cv. BRS Carmem, compared to the organic system. In the biodynamic treatment plots were applied the biodynamic preparations silica horn (501), manure horn (500) and Fladen. All plants were fertilized with the same organic compound, but those of the biodynamic treatment received the preparations 502 (Achillea millefolium), 503 (Chamomilla officinalis), 504 (Urtica dioica), 505 (Quercus robus), 506 (Taraxacum officinale) and 507 (Valeriana officinalis). During the experiment were evaluated: enzyme activity (EC 3.2.1.39) β-1,3 glucanase and (EC 3.2.1.14) chitinase, mildew severity, leaf water potential, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, index SPAD, length and diameter of the branches, trunk diameter, count of cochineal (pearl) cysts, number of bunches, bunch length, berry diameter, soluble solids content, soil chemical analysis, soil macrofauna and ß-glucosidase enzyme activity. For the experiment in Tebano, the effects of organic and biodynamic management on the leaf and anthocyanic conditions of the Sangeovese grapes were evaluated. The biodynamic preparations used were the manure horn (500), manure horn (500K), silica horn (501) and Fladen. In the greenhouse experiment, the plants under organic and biodynamic treatment performed better than the control. However, there was a greater length of the branches and less occurrence of Plasmopora viticula in plants under biodynamic treatment. In the first field experiments, biodynamic treatment promoted greater development of plants (length and diameter of branches, trunk diameter and SPAD index), better physiological response in one year, biochemistry and consequently greater resistance to disease and productivity. Biodynamic plants were better adapted when placed under stress, especially after the appearance of pearl cysts. In the experiment with the Sangiovese grape, it was possible to observe differences only for two macro elements (Fe and Mn), and the plants under organic management had the highest values. For the anthocyanin values in the berries there was no statistical difference between the treatments.