TEDE Coleção: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva

O EFEITO DE BORDA SOBRE A COMUNIDADE DE HYMENOPTERA QUE NIDIFICA EM CAVIDADES PREEXISTENTES E SEUS PARASITOIDES ASSOCIADOS

Thu, 12 May 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Título: O EFEITO DE BORDA SOBRE A COMUNIDADE DE HYMENOPTERA QUE NIDIFICA EM CAVIDADES PREEXISTENTES E SEUS PARASITOIDES ASSOCIADOS Autor: ALVES, GLAUCIELI APARECIDA Primeiro orientador: Buschini, Maria Luisa Tunes Abstract: One of the main global concerns is related to the loss of biodiversity, since the fragmentation of forests has been occurring on a large scale due to human population growth. Due to environmental changes, the abundance and richness of many species of living beings are altered, putting at risk of extinction many of the species that are sensitive to changes in their habitats. With the loss of forests, edges are becoming more abundant and depending on the fragmentation composition, areas may be suffering edge influence. The objective of this study was to identify how the Hymenoptera community that nests in preexisting cavities and its natural enemies respond to the edge effect, in matrix and forest fragment areas. We explore the following hypotheses: (I) The response of the Hymenoptera community that nests in preexisting cavities in relation to the edge is neutral (H0: Model without response); (II) the more generalist species will respond positively to edge effects (H1: edge preference model); (III) species that have a greater preference for open areas are more abundant in the anthropogenic matrix (H2: Model of species that avoid forests) and (IV) species that specialize in forest areas have a greater preference for the interior of forest fragments (H3: Model preferably forest). Data were collected in four areas of Atlantic Forest fragment and in four areas of adjacent matrix, in Guarapuava, (PR), Brazil, from August 2018 to August 2019. For the sampling of these insects, 1,536 trap nests were installed, made with wood and bamboo. A total of 541 nests were founded, from which 1,420 hosts and 254 natural enemies emerged, among the hosts 25 were bees belonging to four species and 1,395 were wasps belonging to 16 species. Of the 254 natural enemies, 21 species belonged to the order Hymenoptera and three species belonged to the order Diptera. By means of the GAM and GAMM analyses, it was possible to observe that the species that nested in environments of matrix areas obtained positive responses to the edge effect, while the species that nested only in forest areas presented negative responses to the edge effect. We conclude that the species Trypoxylon agamemnon, Pisoxylon amenkei, Podium sp.1, Podium sp.2, Podium sp.3, Hypodynerus duckei, Zethus pilosus and Zethus plaumanni, which nest only in forest areas, are species that depend exclusively on these environments. The natural enemies Ipisiura lilloi, Photocryptus sp1, Xystromutilla bucki, Ipisiura myops, Tetrastischus sp, Messatoporus sp1, Ceyxia longispina and Photocryptus sp were found parasitizing hosts only in forested areas, being therefore also dependent on forested areas due to the preference of their hosts to nest only in forests, thus it is necessary to preserve areas of natural habitat for the conservation of these species. Instituição: Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste Tipo do documento: Dissertação

Otimização da amostragem para estudos populacionais com locos de microssatélites em espécies Neotropicais de Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

Wed, 31 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT

Título: Otimização da amostragem para estudos populacionais com locos de microssatélites em espécies Neotropicais de Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) Autor: FABIANI, BRUNA CAROLINE Primeiro orientador: Machado, Luciana Paes de Barros Abstract: The definition of the sample size of individuals from natural populations that can reliably represent genetic variability is an important factor for the study of population genetic structure. The low number of specimens sampled can lead to inaccurate conclusions, while a very high number can be a challenge to collect some groups of animals, in addition of being very laborious and could also represent a waste of financial resources. In this way, to determine the appropriate sample size that is representative of the natural variation, with the lowest possible cost and laboratory effort, becomes relevant. The objective of this work was to determine the sample size that represents the genetic variability of microsatellite loci for population studies of Drosophila species from the Neotropical region, with optimization of resources and collection and laboratory efforts. We used 100 individuals from natural populations genotyped for microsatellite loci for each of four Drosophila species: D. ornatifrons, D. antonietae, belonging to the Drosophila subgenus, and D. prosaltans and D. sturtevanti, of the Sophophora subgenus. From the original matrices, 50 subsamples were randomly obtained for the following population sizes (N): 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75 and 95 individuals. For all 50 replicates of each N, the percentage of detection of all non-rare alleles (frequency ≥ 5%) from the original sample, expected mean heterozygosity (He), and the genetic differentiation (Fst) to the original 100 individuals matrix were evaluated. original. The ideal N for each species was established using a non-parametric analysis of the non-significant values of He and Fst paired between the different population sizes, and for the detection of the non-rare alleles, the presence of these in at least 95% of the 50 subsamples in at least 70% of the loci was considered. After determining the ideal N, the rare alleles (frequency < 5%) of the original matrix were replaced by other genotypes with non-rare alleles (also from natural populations), and from this matrix without rare alleles, 50 subsamples with the ideal N were randomly selected. The genetic compositions of the 50 replicates of ideal N with rare alleles were compared with those of ideal N without rare alleles, using the STRUCTURE software. According to the established parameters, the sample sizes for D. ornatifrons, N = 25, D. antonietae, N = 30, D. prosaltans and D. sturtevanti, N = 35, were considered ideal for the analysis of the genetic structure. The presence of rare alleles produced inconspicuous differences in the distribution of the genetic clusters of individuals, obtained in the STRUCTURE software, within the grouping classes proposed. Species of the Drosophila subgenus probably presented lower ideal N due to lower genetic diversity, as a result of the specificity of their diets, more protein in the case of D. ornatifrons and cactophily for D. antonietae. On the other hand, the generalism of the Sophophora subgenus species, D. prosaltans and D. sturtevanti, results in greater genetic diversity and, consequently, greater ideal N for population analyzes using microsatellite loci. The results of this work also showed that the same ideal N can be used in case of microsatellite loci transferred between phylogenetically close species, as was the case of the loci described for D. sturtevanti and transferred to D. prosaltans. Instituição: Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste Tipo do documento: Dissertação

HISTÓRIA EVOLUTIVA DE Baccharis crispa Spreng. NO SUL DO BRASIL

Tue, 31 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT

Título: HISTÓRIA EVOLUTIVA DE Baccharis crispa Spreng. NO SUL DO BRASIL Autor: SILVA, YURI KATAOKA Primeiro orientador: Silva, Paulo Roberto Da Abstract: The Atlantic Forest is among the most diverse biomes in the world. Much of the rich biodiversity of this biome is due to the wide range of latitude occupied by this. In the south of the Atlantic Forest there are vegetation formations that are typical of regions with a milder climate, such as the Araucaria Forest and the ancient grassy fields (Campos de Altitude). In these ancient grassy fields are species adapted to a colder and drier climate, with the presence of negative temperatures in the coldest months of the year. Numerous studies have been carried out on the evolutionary history of species occurring in the Atlantic Forest, helping to clarify the origin and diversification of this biome over time. However, these types of studies are scarce with plant species of greater abundance, or even endemic, from the cold regions of the southern Atlantic Forest. In this sense, this work aimed to study the evolutionary history of populations of Baccharis crispa Spreng Asteraceae from the South of the Atlantic Forest. For the study, sequences were obtained from the chloroplast (trnL-trnF and psbA-trnH) and nuclear (ITS) genome regions of individuals from six populations collected in the county of Guarapuava, in Paraná state, Joaçaba and Xanxerê, in Santa Catarina state, and Coxilha, Panambi and Herveiras, in Rio Grande do Sul. Of these populations, those from the states of PR and SC are located to the north of the Uruguay River valley and those from RS to the south of the valley. The results obtained showed high nucleotide and haplotype diversity when compared to other species of Asteraceae from the Atlantic Forest. The evaluation of the results of the neutrality tests, the Bayesian Skyline Plot, the mismatch distribution and the statistical significance of the SSD and HRAG indices showed a slight population expansion in the last 200 thousand years, with possible demographic expansion of populations from the north to the south of the valley of the Uruguay river. A high phylogeographic structure was observed for B. crispa and a high number of unique haplotypes and ribotypes in populations from north and south of the Uruguay river valley. The analysis of genetic groups showed that genetic diversity is better explained considering four genetic groups, two formed by populations north of the Uruguay River valley and two by populations south of the valley. The overall analysis of the data from this study corroborates that the Uruguay River valley may have acted as a geographic barrier limiting the gene flow between populations of B. crispa from the southern Atlantic Forest. Furthermore, the high diversity of populations and population stability over the last 200,000 years evidence the permanence of B. crispa in southern Brazil during the last glacial periods. Instituição: Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste Tipo do documento: Dissertação

Determinação do tamanho mínimo amostral para estudos genéticos populacionais em plantas, utilizando marcadores microssatélites

Wed, 25 Aug 2021 00:00:00 GMT

Título: Determinação do tamanho mínimo amostral para estudos genéticos populacionais em plantas, utilizando marcadores microssatélites Autor: ZCHONSKI, FELIPE LISS Primeiro orientador: Silva, Paulo Roberto Da Abstract: When starting a population genetic study, the researcher must first decide the number of individuals to be used for each population. For animals, this question seems to be clear. However, for plants, studies with real data to determine the influence of sample size on genetic indices are limited, being almost limited to Gymnosperm. To help answer this question, four species of Angiosperm were evaluated in this study: a large tree (Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg), a medium tree (Cecropia pachystachya Trécul), a small tree (Psidium guajava L.) and an subshrub (Baccharis crispa Spreng.). From a set of real data of 100 individuals of each species, obtained with microsatellite markers, 50 repetitions were obtained by random for the sample sizes of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75 and 95 individuals, totaling 2400 subpopulations (600 for each species). For each subpopulation, the number of alleles (Na), expected heterozygosity (HE), allelic frequency and coefficient of genetic differentiation (FST) were calculated. With the data obtained, the range of data, the median, and the quartiles were determined. The results showed that, for Na, the sample size of 45 was able to detect 90% of alleles in C. xanthocarpa and B. crispa, and 35 individuals in C. pachystachya and P. guajava. For HE, the sample size of 30 individuals is sufficient to detect genetic estimates for three of the four species studied. The sample size of 40 individuals is sufficient for detection in all species of alleles that presented frequencies above 0.05 in the original population. On the other hand, rare alleles are not detectable in all subpopulations in any sample size. For the FST from the sample size of 10 individuals, the difference between the original population and the subpopulations was less than 0.05 in C. xanthocarpa and C. pachystachya; and 15 for P. guajava and B. crispa. In the analysis of rare alleles, no differences were found in genetic indices and structure between populations of 100 and 30 individuals with and without rare alleles. The overall analysis of the data shows that, from the sample size of 30 individuals, the data can already be considered reliable, as most indices already show values close to those observed in the original population. Studies with a number of individuals smaller than 30 should only be carried out when the population size does not allow reaching the ideal sample size. Instituição: Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste Tipo do documento: Dissertação